Fortunately, the steps on the GNOME page mostly did work.
Google searches produced a variety of (rather complicated) solutions, one or two of which I tried but failed to get to work. I also decided to store the necessary information in my home partition, rather than changing system files, so that a future system upgrade would not clobber the changes. So I decided to create a MIME type for it. ffs_gui files would have made it the default for all XML files, which is clearly undesirable. ffs_gui with XML files in general, so making FFS the default program for. On my PC, Mint (with the MATE desktop environment) associated the extension. deb files (where the installer handles the MIME-type stuff for you), FFS comes as an archive that you simply extract and park somewhere, so it does not create its own MIME-type or associate itself with an existing one. For each such directory, I have a FFS configuration, created in the FFS GUI and stored in a separate XML file (with extension. I use FFS to sync mirror certain directories in my home partition to an external drive. The application in question is FreeFileSync, an open-source program (that I definitely recommend) for syncing directories.
This was on a Linux Mint system, but I found the key information in a GNOME documentation page, so I suspect it works for Ubuntu and other systems using a GNOME-based desktop (and maybe even more generally?). I struggled a bit this afternoon creating a new MIME type and associating it with a particular application, so I'm going to archive the solution here for future reference.
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